「科学教育哲学研究所の精神」 
 
以前、研究のためMITとハーバード大学を訪れた。初夏のボストンは陽も眩く、外は暑い。同僚とランチをとるためにハーバード大学構内のサイエンス・センターに足を踏み入れた瞬間、センター内のロビーに集まる中高生(15-18)の熱気に圧倒され、しばらく、立ち止まってしまった。彼らは、明らかに何かを学び取ろうとする情熱に満ち溢れていた。ガラス張りのレクチャールームやラボには、瞳の輝いた中高生達が授業開始を今か今かと待っていた。大学がサマープログラムを開催している最中であった。全米から嬉々として集まってきたのは、センターの一流講師陣による中高生のための科学授業（天文学・物理学・数学・化学・生物学等）を受けるためであった。夏期講習の受験勉強ではなく、科学を真理探究として捉え、ものすごい勢いで吸収する科学者の卵達の姿を目の当たりにして、身震いし、思わず絶句した。この衝撃的な記憶が今も心に深く残っている。こうした米国の創造性開発の現状を垣間見た体験に基づいて、幅広い科学教育と同時に、科学教育の新たなる方向性として、個々の高い能力に対応した創造性の開発や科学の方向性を志向出来る人材開発が今まさに必要とされているのではなかろうか。このような体験が科学教育研究所の設立のインセンティヴである。 
昨今の地球を取り巻く持続的な可能な開発目標：SDGsに含まれる気候変動・エネルギー等の問題状況を鑑みるに、人類の生存に関して哲学・倫理的に看過できない最重要な観点は、「科学・技術はリスクを持っている」という点である。つまり、科学・技術に対する危惧・反省の声から、「生命倫理」(bioethics)という言葉は、Ｖ・Ｒ・ポッターによって生まれた(1973年)。その言葉は「いかにして人類の未来へと橋を架け、生存させていくか」という「生き残り」を意図して造語されたものである。したがって、今後の科学・技術のあり方は人類の生存に寄与するべきものと捉え、科学・技術を学ぶことは人類が「生存する」ため、「生きる」ためのものと把握することは「科学・技術を志す者が踏まえるべき要諦」ではなかろうか。「科学と哲学の関係」を研究するある科学哲学者によると、「科学教育の向かうべき新しい指標は、科学をリードする価値を見出させる様な、心ある人間を掘り起こすことに尽きる」という。そのことを考慮するならば、科学教育の根幹に、哲学が果たすべき役割を見出す。それは、科学をリードする哲学する心を常に鍛錬し、科学上の事実問題を価値問題へと転換して行く叡智を磨くことに他ならない。したがって、“科学教育の向かう先”には当然のことながら、人類の幸福追求に関わっており、「何が人類にとって真に幸福か」、「何のための科学・技術の進歩か」という観点は、新しい科学教育のあり方に必須のことと考える。これは、もはや、人類がより良く生き残るための、２１世紀という時代の趨勢、使命であると考えられよう。 
科学嫌いの子供までも魅了する、驚きと感動の工夫に満ちた探究活動を通して『未知の世界を自分で切り開く能力を育てる発見探求・体験納得型授業の開発』を目指し、人類にとって真の進歩に繋がる、しかも、国際性のある科学者の卵を育てる科学教育に一石を投じたい。（京都大学・基礎物理学研究所・素粒子論グループ会員）

Profile： 江川 浩

・科学教育哲学研究所（科学と哲学の研究・科学教育手法の研究）
・専門は素粒子理論（量子重力・超弦理論）・量子情報記号論・科学 教育。
博士（理学）。横浜国立大学・東海大学（大学院）・米国シラキュー
 ズ大学・大学院で学び、東京大学原子核研究所・高エネルギー加速器研究機
 構・東海大学教育開発研究所にて研究に従事。東海大学理学部・工学部・情
 報理工学部・国際教育センター等で30年間教鞭をとった。教育優秀賞２回（東海大学）。趣味はバロック音楽・ボクシング。
 
 
「当研究所設立に際して、思想的に多大なる影響を受けた研究者」
・川合 光 先生：
 世界的な素粒子物理学者（超ひも理論）。私がシラキューズ 大学大学院留
 学中、コーネル大学に勤務されていた川合先生をお訪ねしたことがきっかけ
 となり、その後、先生が東京大学原子核研究所・高エネルギー加速器研究機
 構・京都大学在職中に研究上、大変お世話になった。ありがたくも、博士論
 文「4次元格子量子重力」の学位審査をして頂いた。
 （現在、国立台湾大学招聘教授）
・ロジャー・ペンローズ 先生：
 「ペンローズ・ホーキングの特異点」で有名なオックスフォード大学の宇宙論研究者である。シラキューズ大学に客員教授として来られた。留学中であった私は幸運にも秋セメスターに特別セミナーを受講した。講義室ではワインがふるまわれ、先生のご専門である量子重力についての生の研究成果を聞くことができた。2020年にブラックホールの形成の理論でノーベル物理学賞を受賞された。
・秋山 仁 先生：
数学者（グラフ理論・離散幾何学）であり、特に数学教育には世界的に造詣が深い。先生が東海大学教育開発研究所（所長）時代に、共に発見探究・体験納得型理数教育の開発に従事した。学生・生徒に数学のおもしろさ・有用性を訴える燃える魂の教育観を超える存在をいまだ見いだせない。そして、アコーディオンを演奏しながらシャンソンを歌う姿は数学を芸術にまで高めてしまいそうな精神性に感動した。その後、理数教育研究センター長、東京理科大学近代科学資料館館長、東京理科大学特任副学長を歴任された。
・小林 俊一 先生：
実験物理学の大家であられる小林先生は、東京大学理学部長・東京大学副学長・理化学研究所理事長・秋田県立大学学長と要職を歴任された。東海大学教育開発研究所にて科学教育に従事された折に、幸運にも小林先生との共同研究に私も参加させて頂いた。研究逸話「マクロとミクロの中間に位置するメゾスコピックな金属微粒子の電子物性」にはいつも感動し興味をそそられた。

研究所所員
所長： 江川浩 素粒子理論 理学博士（東海大学教育開発研究所元教授）
副所長： 江川晃 科学哲学・記号論 文学修士(博士後期課程単位取得)  

早稲田大学・日本大学元講師

名誉副所長： 吉野諒三 数理心理学・統計学 Ph.D. 統計数理研究所教授・同志社大学教授・日本世論調査協会会長を歴任（2024/8逝去）
客員研究員：
酒井英一 国際関係論 関西外語大学教授 Ph.D. 

和田一郎 科学教育 横浜国立大学大学院教授 日本理科教育学会会長 
教育学博士 

江川浩輔 地質学・堆積学 九州大学大学院准教授 理学博士 

 1 パースの情報記号論：無意識過程における脳活動への脳-記号論的アプローチ
 Peirce’s Cybersemiotics: Neuro-semiotic Approach to the Brain Action in Unconscious Process   Akira Egawa
 
 論理哲学研究掲載論文2017-10: 日本論理哲学会 The Japan Association for Logical Philosophy 

2020/03/10

2 情報記号論に基づくバーチャル・リアリティにおける情報もつれの構造Ⅰ,Ⅱ

A Consideration for Entanglement Structures of Virtual Reality based on Cyber Semiotics

 21世紀科学と人間シンポジウム - 詳細 Program 

○1江川 晃，2江川 浩

○1Akira Egawa, 2 Hiroshi S. Egawa

1日本大学，2東海大学

1 Nihon University, 2 Tokai University

 Abstract

 The purpose of this paper consists in giving consideration to the difference between “real” and “virtual reality”, taking account of the semiotic space from the Peirce’s cyber semiotic point of view, which conceives of the thought process as an evolution of path on network of semiosis making dynamical trianglated. First, we would like to discuss the understandings of Peirce’s semiotics, which were made by Deledall and Hausman, and then to refer to the semiotic system of VR. we will propose a topological model for VR. Secondary, there is the problem how we develop "Intrinsic Morality." Therefore, we will connect the conversion of  interpretants in the unconsciousness with structure of semiotic entanglement due to abduction and, from an cyber-semiotic point of view, clarify a system of the development of " Intrinsic Morality ". Furthermore, it seems reasonable to suppose the Peirce's Abduction is connected with "semiosic entanglement" thought to be the certain correlation. We propose the cognitive system that is able to go step further by a conventional application estimated through. This way of thinking of "semiosic entanglement" spoken here may be with procedure to express the theory of many-body systems called local cyber semiotics as geometry on a global thought-sign space. The semiotic theory, including quantum information theory, clarifies the universal dynamics and its structure inherent between the microscopic viewpoints of the thought-sign space (cyber semiotics space) and the macro-viewpoint, which seems to lead to the elucidation of mechanics of the thought process in the thought-sign space. In the context of the research above, finally, we refer to a consideration for entanglement structures of virtual reality based on quantum cyber semiotics including the proposal to create the mother-baby semiotic space. 

3 Structure of Information Entanglement in Intrinsic Morality based on Cyber Semiotics

Akira Egawa, Hiroshi S. Egawa

Nihon University, Tokai University

Abstract

French philosopher, Andre Comte-Sponville divides human society into four orders, (1) economy-technology-scientific order, (2) law-political order, (3) moral order, (4) the order of the love. He makes much of a role of "the order of the love" as "Intrinsic Morality" than "moral order" from outside. There is the problem how we develop "Intrinsic Morality." Therefore I will connect conversion of interpretant (I_i,e, I_i,en) in the unconsciousness with structure of semiotic entanglement due to abduction and, from an cyber-semiotic point of view, clarify a system of the development of "Intrinsic Morality." Furthermore, it seems reasonable to suppose the Peirce's Abduction is connected with "semiosic entanglement" thought to be the certain correlation. We propose the cognitive system that is able to go step further by a conventional application estimated through. This way of thinking of "semiosic entanglement" spoken here may be with procedure to express the theory of many-body systems called local cyber semiotics as geometry on a global thought-sign space. The semiotic theory, including quantum information theory, clarifies the universal dynamics and its structure inherent between the microscopic viewpoints of the thought-sign space (cyber semiotics space) and the macro-viewpoint, which seems to lead to the elucidation of mechanics of the thought process in the thought-sign space.

1. Introduction

French philosopher, Andre Comte-Sponville, divides human society into four orders: (1) the economic-technological-scientific order, (2) the legal-political order, (3) the moral order, and (4) the order of love, emphasizing the role played by the "order of love," which is "intrinsic morality," more than the external "moral order." The problem is how to develop "intrinsic morality." Therefore, from a cyber-semiotic point of view, we will connect the transformation of interpretants (I_i,e, I_i,en) in the unconscious with the structure of information entanglement caused by abduction, and clarify the system for developing "intrinsic morality." In Peirce's cyber semiotics, where the path integral method (defining transition probability amplitude) is employed as their mathematical prescription and the concept of interpretant field is introduced to enable branching and evolution of semiosis based on changes in interpretants, the relationship with Peirce's "Abduction" (hypothesis formation) has been pointed out. Furthermore, it is considered possible that "Abduction" is also related to "semiosic entanglement," which is considered a certain kind of correlation. "Semiosic entanglement" described here is considered as "thought-quantum entanglement," and semiotics, including quantum information theory, is presumed to clarify the universal dynamics and its structure inherent between the microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints in the thought-sign space (semiosic information space), leading to the elucidation of the mechanics of thought process emergence on the thought-sign space.

2. Sponville's "Four Orders in Capitalist Society"

The brilliant French philosopher Sponville, in his book Is Capitalism Virtuous?, develops a sharp and insightful argument, distinguishing human society into four orders. The first is the "economic-technological-scientific order," whose driving force is the axis of opposition between "the possible and the impossible." The second is the "legal-political order," with the axis of opposition between "legal and illegal," the third is the "moral order," with the axis of opposition between "good and evil, duty and prohibition," and the fourth is the "order of love," whose axis of opposition is analyzed as "joy and sorrow."

However, modern civilization is said to be facing a critical situation. In other words, the first, the "economic-technological-scientific order," does not have the power to suppress the prevalence of "villains equipped with expertise and technology," who are the very ones who brought it about, from "within." There is no way other than regulating it from "outside," primarily from the side of the second, the "legal-political order." However, the second order also lacks the power to suppress the cunning "legal villains" who believe that as long as they don the law, it is fine, and in this case too, regulation must come from "outside," primarily from the side of the third, the "moral order." However, this third order also ends up allowing the existence of "moral villains" who are mere hypocrites. Since morality is essentially not suited to regulation from "outside," the fourth, the "order of love," is therefore called for "as something that complements it and, so to speak, opens it from above." However, he states that while both orders encourage the same virtues, the "moral order" tends towards external obligation, whereas the "order of love" is decisively different in that it is purely internal joy and satisfaction.

3. Intrinsic Morality

Based on Sponville's discussion, for example, the "economic-technological-scientific order" represented by "iPS cell technology" would require regulation by the "legal-political order" through ministries such as MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology). Furthermore, external regulation by the "moral order" through "Institutional Ethics Review Boards," as mentioned earlier, is also necessary. However, to make science and technology contribute to our happiness and well-being, education and practice are needed to develop an intrinsic order that complements the "moral order" as a mere external obligation. This would be the original purpose of technological ethics.

So, what is the method to develop intrinsic morality as the "order of love"? For instance, regarding environmental issues, now that the "economic-technological-scientific order" has caused global warming, the "legal-political order" is attempting to regulate CO2 reduction at a global level. Furthermore, as is widely publicized, corporate ethics codes concerning environmental considerations are established as the "moral order" in each company, and their compliance (adherence to laws and regulations) is promoted. However, this "moral order" is external, and if its basis is an attitude of focusing on results (profit), it would mean that the "moral order" exists for the sake of profit, potentially leading to the emergence of individuals who comply with it merely in form. According to Kant, such a person is acting in accordance with duty, but not from duty. In such cases, ethics inevitably becomes one method for pursuing profit, taking on a strong utilitarian color that entrusts the criterion for the goodness or badness of an act to its results. In other words, advocating for environmental ethics and corporate ethics becomes a "business opportunity" (profit).

Instead, unless an attitude focused on the motivation of action, such as "following the moral law within me" as Kant pointed out in a sense, is developed, there is a possibility that corporate ethics, which is an external "moral order," and furthermore, "Institutional Ethics Review Boards" will degenerate into powerless orders that are mere shells. For this reason, the necessity of intrinsic morality as the "order of love" is absolutely required. So, how can this "order of love" as intrinsic morality be developed? Therefore, we will consider this from a neuro-semiotic point of view based on Peirce's cyber semiotics, as discussed last year (March 2018).

4. Information Semiotic Approach to Ethical Judgment (Axiology)

In Libet's theory of free will, the view that brain activity begins before an action based on will leads to the conclusion that free will may not exist for us. Is it really the case that there is no system in the brain activity of unconscious processes before actions based on will? The usage of "consciousness" when we say <we are conscious of something> means <we have self-consciousness about something> and can be considered "awareness." In contrast, "unself-consciousness" is regarded as purely feeling, different from such self-consciousness (awareness). Therefore, it will be necessary to consider the interpretant field consisting of two series of triadic divisions of interpretants in Peirce's cyber semiotics, which takes the unconscious into account. This is because the domain of the immediate interpretant, which includes emotional, energetic, and logical interpretants, is considered to be deeply involved in the system of brain activity during unconscious processes.

4.1 Two Kinds of Triadic Divisions of Interpretants

(1) Immediate, Dynamical, Final Interpretant The first triadic division of interpretants arises from the teleological structure of semiosis.

① The Immediate Interpretant is "the potential interpretability presented in the correct understanding of the sign itself." ② The Dynamical Interpretant is "the actual operative effect that the sign as a sign determines in reality," that is, all interpretants actually formed. ③ The Final Interpretant is the mode in which the sign endeavors to signify itself as related to its object. It is the ideal interpretant for the purpose of sign interpretation.

(2) Emotional, Energetic, Logical Interpretant The second triadic division of interpretants classifies interpretants as effects of the sign's intrinsic meaning-making process, based on Peirce's unique phenomenology (phaneroscopy).

① The Emotional Interpretant is the feeling produced by the sign (feeling: Firstness). ② The Energetic Interpretant is physical or mental effort (effort; Secondness). ③ The Logical Interpretant is habit formation or change from thought or mental signs (habit change: Thirdness).

The Emotional Interpretant is, for example, the emotion or feeling evoked by a musical performance. The Energetic Interpretant is the activity carried out by the command "Put down the gun!" This utterance is a sign interpreted within the activity, that is, a sign of placing the butt of the gun on the ground. Also, suppose one goes to a concert, and because the performance was wonderful, a habit (tendency) of thought or action is formed after the performance. This is called the Final-Logical Interpretant, but its formation would have involved various thoughts. These thoughts and mental signs are Logical Interpretants, the internal effort involved is the Energetic Interpretant, and the series of feelings is the Emotional Interpretant. Each individual action that mediates between the Logical Interpretant and the Emotional Interpretant is considered an Energetic Interpretant.

What is important here is that, as T.L. Short points out, the Emotional Interpretant and the Energetic Interpretant are deeply involved in ethical judgment and ethical experience. This is because ethical judgments are considered to be designed to elicit feelings and further govern actions.

The two series of triadic divisions of interpretants described above have been used by interpreters of Peirce's semiotics sometimes as distinct entities and sometimes confused. However, here, relying on T.L. Short's interpretation, we will proceed with the discussion assuming that the second triadic division of interpretants is also included within the first triadic division of interpretants. Considering this allows for the possibility that a matrix of interpretants is constructed, and its elements develop to form an "interpretant field."

4.2 Interpretant Field

The Immediate Interpretant is considered to include all of the Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants. The Dynamical Interpretant appears to be able to include the Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants. For example, when speaker S said "The door is open" with the intention of ordering listener H to leave the room, and after various thoughts, H closed the door. This is considered a real interpretant that includes all of the Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants. Similarly, the Final Interpretant is considered to include the Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants.

Table 1 Two Triadic Divisions of Interpretants

 |   | Emotional Interpretant (I_m,e) | Energetic Interpretant (I_m,en) | Logical Interpretant (I_m,l)
| Immediate Interpretant (I_i) | I_i,e | I_i,en | I_i,l
| Dynamical Interpretant (I_d) | I_d,e | I_d,en | I_d,l
| Final Interpretant (I_f) | I_f,e | I_f,en | I_f,l

In other words, the interpretant field (I_mn) is the overall situation that includes these Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants in each of the Immediate, Dynamical, and Final Interpretants, and their realization is accompanied by probability, and furthermore, this probability is considered to change at each stage of the evolution/branching of the semiosis. Therefore, the equation representing the evolution of semiosis as a cognitive process is assumed as a fundamental formula as follows:

Sign Process = L_p(S,O_i,I_mn) (1)

In this case, I_mn represents the Interpretant Field shown below. (m,n=1,2,3)

Interpretant Field: [Imn​]=​Ii,e​   Id,e ​  If,e​​

 Ii,en​  Id,en​  If,en​​ 

Ii,l​    Id,l​    If,l​​​(2)

By the way, although details will be mentioned later, the cognitive system as the development of Peirce's semiosis is considered to have the following two mathematical stages. The cognitive system is considered to:

1. Form a thought-sign space by a triangulated lattice.
2. Exhibit aspects of field theory on the thought space.

If we use knowledge from physics, it becomes one of the prescriptions for the quantization of lattices. Quantization in this case is analytically based on the path integral method. It becomes a theory of stochastic processes of lattice fields, showing the probabilistic process (probability amplitude) of transitioning from one state to another. Conversely, considering the triangulation as Peirce's semiosis, it could be hypothesized that the process of a certain thought state evolving into another thought state can be inferred as a probabilistic process.

4.3 Reconsidering Libet's Theory of Free Will

For example, let's say "Harry shot person A with a gun." Then, the spontaneous process of "Now I will pull the trigger" is unconsciously initiated in the brain long before the conscious will prompting the action appears. The spontaneous process of "Now I will pull the trigger," which is unconsciously initiated in the brain, occurs unconsciously when person A is seen. Wouldn't this involve potential emotional aversion to A (I_i,e), the act of shooting with a gun (I_i,en), and habits/discriminatory thoughts (I_i,l)? And it would lead to the state of "I realized I had shot." However, if, in the remaining 100 milliseconds, the Dynamical Interpretants of aversion to murder (I_d,e), avoidance behavior (I_d,en), and peace thoughts (I_d,l) are activated, it would result in "did not shoot." (See Fig. 1).

(Planned) (Unplanned) (Awareness) RPⅠ RPⅡ 350ms W Action (Pulling the trigger) -1000 -550 -200 0 milliseconds Unconscious Remaining 100 milliseconds Immediate Interpretant (I_i,e/I_i,en/I_i,l) (Qualitative) Dynamical Interpretant (I_d,e/I_d,en/I_d,l) (Actual/Conscious) Execution/Inhibition (Not pulling the trigger) Fig. 1 Action and the Interpretant Field

In fact, Sponville's "order of love" as intrinsic morality discussed in Section 3 is considered to be greatly related to I_i,e and I_i,en. So, how is it possible to change I_i,e and I_i,en involved in ethical judgment and action in the unconscious?

4.4 Overcoming Hatred towards Apartheid

Here, let's look at the deep insight into human nature shown by Nelson Mandela, who, aiming for the abolition of apartheid (racial segregation) in the Republic of South Africa, continued to move forward while overcoming his anger and sadness over the discrimination he experienced. He was imprisoned and subjected to harsh treatment, but his heart was never covered with hatred. This was because he kept his spirits up by recalling "fragments of humanity" that the guards occasionally showed. Even the overbearing and oppressive warden reportedly said something humane when he was transferred. He arrived at the thought that cruel words and actions were imposed by the "inhuman system" of apartheid. "The flame of human goodness may be hidden, but it is never extinguished." In other words, is it not possible to regard the above as suggesting that this "human goodness" is I_i,e, and that its probability of occurrence varies among people or according to times and circumstances?

Also, it is said that during a speech, Mr. Mandela suddenly invited a white woman from behind the podium and introduced her with a smile, saying, "This is the person who nursed me when I was sick in prison." The problem is not in racial differences, but in the human heart. It is said that the atmosphere among the audience who witnessed this scene, which illustrated his conviction, changed dramatically, and the calls for revenge gradually subsided. Is it not possible to consider the above as indicating that, regarding the sign "white woman," the probability of I_i,e meaning "hatred based on racial discrimination" and "enemy," and the probability of I_i,en meaning "to seek revenge," decreased, while the probability of "not an enemy" (I_i,e) and "not seeking revenge" (I_i,en) increased as the audience directly experienced Mandela's actions, resulting in that change?

Therefore, it is possible to consider that the development of the "order of love" as intrinsic morality can be achieved by changing I_i,e and I_i,en involved in ethical judgment and action in the unconscious. It is thought that there are probabilities for the activation of the Immediate Interpretant (I_i,e/I_i,en/I_i,l) for each person, and these probabilities change not only based on aptitude but also based on the activation of Dynamical Interpretants, each having its own probability through all kinds of thoughts, linguistic actions, behavioral experiences, and education; furthermore, the probability of the Dynamical Interpretant itself may also change. Therefore, the picture of quantum information geometry in the unconscious may depend on the strength of the transition probabilities of thought states in stochastic processes (path integrals) on the thought-sign space (triangulated manifold), and is thought to constitute a complex semiotic system of unconscious processes. Ethical problems are deeply related to the cycle of transition probabilities between the Immediate and Dynamical Interpretants, and there is also the possibility of a new horizon called neuro-semiotics. Furthermore, as discussed in Section 4.3, "Interpretant Field," the Emotional Interpretant and the Energetic Interpretant are deeply involved in ethical judgment and ethical experience. This is because ethical judgments are considered to be designed to elicit feelings and further govern actions. The mathematical structure will be mentioned in the next chapter.

4.5 Semiosic Entanglement

According to F. Merrell, in cyber semiotics that has evolved from C.S. Peirce's thought, local interpretations on the thought-sign space differ considerably from global interpretations. "Semiosic entanglement" is considered as "thought-quantum entanglement," and this idea could become a method to represent the theory of multi-body systems, which is local cyber semiotics, as geometry on a global thought-sign space. It would be natural to infer that a global cyber semiotics space (thought-sign space) could be described as a collection of local "semiosic entanglement."

In other words, in the example from Section 4.4, the reason why the probability of I_i,e meaning "hatred based on racial discrimination" and "enemy," and the probability of I_i,en meaning "to seek revenge," decreased, and the probability of "not an enemy" (I_i,e) and "not seeking revenge" (I_i,en) increased as the audience directly experienced Mandela's actions, causing the atmosphere of the audience to change dramatically and the calls for revenge to gradually subside, is considered to be partly due to "semiosic entanglement." Although details will be mentioned in the next chapter, the complex thought process called inquiry, which includes "Abduction" and "Retroduction," becomes a path traversing a distance defined on the sign-information space. It is inferred that a phenomenon called "thought-information direct transfer" (Teleportation): ER is occurring on the sign-information space, mediated by "semiosic entanglement": EPR as a factor (See Fig. 4).

5. Structure of Thought Process Emergence in Thought-Sign Space with Information Entanglement

Peirce (C.S. Peirce) grasped the cognitive system as a triadic semiosis in the following way: "A Sign is something which stands to somebody (Interpretant) for something (Object) in some respect or capacity." Reality is the Dynamical Object (O_d) that produces a sign, and it is the object that produces a sign. By the Immediate Interpretant (I_i), which is the potential interpretability in the Interpretant (possibility of a field), changing into the Dynamical Interpretant (I_d) which is actually used in interpretation, we understand the Immediate Object (O_i) that the sign represents. Furthermore, to interpret O_i, another interpretant is converted from I_i to I_d and drawn forth. Furthermore, the Final Interpretant (I_f) can be obtained (Fig. 2). The interpretant field is the overall situation including these Emotional, Energetic, and Logical Interpretants, and their realization is accompanied by probability, and furthermore, this probabilistic process can be considered at each stage of the evolution (development) and branching of the semiosis.

Styles of scientific and logical thinking generally include deduction and induction. However, Peirce proposed that besides these, there exists another style of logical thinking called "Abduction" or "Retroduction," and that "Abduction," in particular, plays the most important role in scientific discovery and creative thinking. From his semiotic point of view, all thought is considered to be semiosis. Therefore, it is considered that "Abduction" should also be graspable semiotically. Therefore, if we discuss the structure of abduction based on the reconstructed Peirce's cyber semiotics (5), as clearly shown in Fig. 2, "Abduction" can be inferred to cause a retroactive process: a habit change that goes back to the past, called "Retroduction." We will examine a cognitive system that takes a step further from conventional application estimation by relating Peirce's "Abduction" to "semiosic entanglement" and "thought-information entanglement."

In order to consider a thought process including hypothetical inference called "Abduction," we consider an evolutionary model of a triangular lattice of the semiosis of thought (thought-sign space), which reconstructs the basic framework of Peirce's semiotics. The evolutionary model here is an evolutionary model of the thought process that reflects a model of the functions of systems, thought, or the mind. In order to elucidate the structure of "Abduction" in the evolution of Peirce's semiosis, we will consider a cognitive system of an evolutionary model based on organic combination, applying the concepts of "semiosic entanglement," which is considered a certain kind of correlation, "thought-information entanglement" (Entanglement): EPR, and "thought-information direct transfer" (Teleportation): ER.

In quantum theory in physics, it occurs that predictions and knowledge about physical phenomena happening at two spatially separated locations (two-particle system) become inseparable, resulting in entanglement, which is considered a certain kind of correlation (EPR correlation) (6). In a two-particle system in such an entangled state, the measurement of a certain physical quantity for one particle affects the measurement result for the other particle. The informational transfer of a quantum state occurs between two particles in a quantum entangled relationship called an EPR pair. In the case of photon polarization, let the vertical polarization state of photon C be ∣0rangle_C and the horizontal polarization state be ∣1rangle_C, and let ∣Psirangle_C be the initial polarization state of photon C, then: ∣Ψ⟩C​=α∣0⟩C​+β∣1⟩C​(3) where alpha and beta are superposition coefficients. The relationship of "quantum entanglement" between photon A and photon B of an EPR pair is given by the following equation. ∣Ψ⟩AB​=2​1​(∣0⟩A​∣0⟩B​+∣1⟩A​∣1⟩B​)(4) After a little calculation, the observation shows that the state of photon B becomes: ∣Ψ⟩B​=α∣0⟩B​+β∣1⟩B​(5) and it is interpreted that the state of the transferred photon C has been restored. That is, the state of photon C disappears due to "quantum entanglement," resulting in an informational transfer of the quantum state that can be regarded as being teleported to photon B (Fig. 3). Employing "quantum entanglement" in physics, it can be considered as "thought-information entanglement" on the thought-sign (sign-information) space. Furthermore, concepts related to the strength of this "semiosic entanglement" (entanglement entropy): S_A are also considered.

In a product state as shown in the equation above, there is no "thought-information entanglement" between A and B, and S_A=0. Also, ρAB​=21​(∣00⟩⟨00∣+∣11⟩⟨11∣) In a mixed state that cannot be written as a product as in the equation above, S_A=log2, indicating the existence of a "semiosic entanglement" state.

The evolution (development) of semiosis is considered to constitute a thought-sign space on a triangular lattice, which is considered the elementary domain of thought in the thought-sign space. Furthermore, it can also be seen as a sign field on the thought-sign space. In the first series of inquiry (Fig. 2), when trying to reach a convergence, the branching of the semiosis that is about to occur can originally happen at various points, thus forming a lattice space divided by triangles. Thus, "Abduction" can be considered as the emergence of a new Immediate Object O_i,n′ (O_d,2′) by replacing the interpretant group (I_d,1...n) of Stage 1 with a new interpretant group (I_d,1′...n) of Stage 2. Furthermore, it can be inferred that "Abduction" is causing a retroactive process: a habit change that goes back to the past, called "Retroduction." Therefore, if we apply the informational transfer of quantum states between any two spatially separated points in the thought-sign space by the "thought-information entanglement" mentioned above to the thought process, a triangulated thought-sign space is constructed, and the complex thought process called inquiry, including "Abduction" and "Retroduction," becomes a path traversing a distance defined on the sign-information space. It is inferred that a phenomenon called "thought-information direct transfer" (Teleportation): ER is occurring on the sign-information space, mediated by "semiosic entanglement": EPR as a factor. This interpretation is inferred to include a certain kind of equivalence on the sign-information space: "semiosic entanglement": EPR = "thought-information direct transfer" (Teleportation): ER.

Employing physical laws, there are cases where two thoughts/information separated by a distance become correlated as "semiosic entanglement." It is considered that an action performed on one affects the other (EPR: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlation), even though nothing directly connects them semiotically. On the other hand, considering the geometric structure of the thought-sign (sign-information) space, two separated regions are connected (ER: Einstein-Rosen bridge). That is, EPR=ER, and it is inferred that the two phenomena are actually equivalent. From this equivalence, there is a possibility to infer semiotically that "thought-information entanglement" and "thought-information direct transfer" are equivalent (Fig. 4).

Furthermore, we assume that the path integral calculation method is applied to an advanced interpretation of semiotics that introduces a sign field on the thought-sign space. The path integral is applied under the assumption that when the semiosis in a certain thought state (field) transitions to the semiosis of another thought state (field), the transition state depends on the probability amplitude. However, the actual model to which path integral is applied in this sense is rewritten by a lattice model which is an approximate model, and considering the information-sign field including quantized "semiosic entanglement" (semiosic entanglement) of "Abduction" and "Retroduction," a partition function indicating the modified transition probability amplitude is considered.

Originally, a discrete situation can be considered, but we use the path integral of field theory. The partition function (Euclideanized) showing the probability amplitude as an indicator of the strength of "semiosic entanglement" is: Z=∫Dϕe−S[ϕ](8) It can be considered a field phi in two dimensions (x_0,x_1) (a general term for fields appearing in theory, including sign fields). If we incorporate and utilize the idea of "semiosic entanglement" by semiotician F. Merrell with interpretation, in cyber semiotics that has evolved from C.S. Peirce's thought, local semiotic interpretations on the thought-sign space differ considerably from global semiotic interpretations. "Semiosic entanglement" is considered as "thought-information entanglement," and this idea could become a method to represent the theory of multi-body systems, which is local cyber semiotics, as geometry on a global thought-sign space. It would be natural to infer that a global cyber semiotics space (thought-sign space) could be described as a collection of local "semiosic entanglement." The key to unraveling the question of how our thoughts are formed, evolve, become habitual, and are changed is perhaps based on the idea that they can be induced from necessary "semiosic entanglement." It is actually inferred that the probability required to induce interpretants is influenced by "semiosic entanglement."

Semiotics, including quantum information theory, is presumed to clarify the universal dynamics and its structure inherent between the microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints in the thought-sign space (semiosic information space), leading to the elucidation of the mechanics of thought process emergence on the thought-sign space. Furthermore, if we divide the thought-sign space itself into fine parts, it is expected that the minimum unit of thought-sign space, a triangular lattice with a triadic relation, holds 1 bit of "semiosic entanglement," and our thought-sign space (semiosic information space) is composed of countless such units. A concrete model is called a tensor network. This is a method to graphically represent a complex sign-information space with a network, and it is presumed that thought processes on the thought-sign space emerge through this tensor network. The theory of tensor networks on sign-information space is expected to see future developments. In light of the above considerations, it is believed that the structure of "information entanglement" in "intrinsic morality" based on cyber semiotics has been shown.

6. References

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